Oedipus The King A Tragic Hero - 1541 Words

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) defines a tragic hero as one who possesses the characteristics of hamartia, peripeteia, anagnorisis, and that the characters fate must be greater than deserved (Else). Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a city which is troubled by plague. This is demonstrated in the background notes that describe Oedipus saving the city from the curse of the sphinx and as a reward receiving the queen’s hand in marriage. The confrontation with the sphinx and the solving of the riddle is referred to multiple times throughout the play as a reminder of Oedipus’s intellect and ability to creatively solve problems. His people’s admiration is also suggested by the p riest in lines 37-39 â€Å"We judge you the first of men in what happens in this life and in our interactions with the gods† (Sophocles). Creon, the brother-in-law of Oedipus, regards him as a great king which is shown by their multiple exchanges throughout the play. Another indication of Oedipus’s goodness is the respect shown by his wife Jocasta. These examples reveal that Oedipus is a good and noble king who is virtuous and respected by his people and his family. Sophocles uses Aristotle’s trait of hamartia (flaw or error in judgment) to bring aShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes the tragic hero as having three components which should be present in order to influence the audience. The audience must become involved emotionally with the hero so they become fearful for his welfare or well-being. The concluding suffering of the hero draws pity from the audience. Aristotle describes this emotional transition a s â€Å"catharsis† which refers to the purging or releasing of emotions. This is what Aristotle believes entices audiences to watch tragedies. The hero must also beRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King987 Words   |  4 PagesWhile exemplifying the high estate, noble character, and flawed nature of Aristotle’s tragic hero, Oedipus fails to have a personal mistake become his undoing, hence denying him the status of Aristotle’s tragic hero. A key criteria of Aristotle’s tragic hero is that he or she comes from high estate, such as a royal family. Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero is well thought out in this manner. High status is important as it gives the character a long way to fall (Kennedy Gioia, 2013). ThisRead MoreTragic Hero In Oedipus The King1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a tragic hero was first thought of by the philosopher Aristotle in his work, â€Å"Poetics†. In article discussing the philosopher’s ideology of a tragic hero, with emphasis on hamartia, the author states: The function of a tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear and Aristotle deduces the qualities of his hero from this function. He should be good, but not perfect, for the fall of a perfect man from happiness into misery, would be unfair and repellent and will not arouse pity. SimilarlyRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 PagesLike most greek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followedRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pages The topic I chose is the tragic hero topic. There exists a number of parameters that describe a tragic hero and thus it was my desire to get to understand these parameters. It was also my desire to be in position to give the difference between normal heroes and a tragic hero and give see the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning theRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus And King1060 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, Oedipus and Dido lost much more than that. These were two great leaders that both, suffered by losing their reputations, their sanity, and their kingdoms. These are two great examples of what a tragic character displays, according to Aristotle’s conception. Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero is a distinguished person occupying a high position, living in prosperous circumstances and falling into misfortune because of an error in judgment. King Oedipus and Queen Dido are tragic charactersRead MoreOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302-6504 Mrs.Weatherford 21 November 2011 A Tragic Hero Indeed! In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebes’s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discoversRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero870 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies and his most famous being performed there. While only seven of his plays have survived, many, like Oedipus the King, are still prevalent today. It definitely meets the five main criteria for a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsis. Oedipus the King is seen as a perfect tragedy. It features a hero with a tragic flaw, Oedipus, and highlights many common themes in Greek tragedy such as fate or destiny, love, pride, loss, the abuseRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Oedipus The King1518 Words   |  7 Pagesaudiences so well. A tragic hero plays the most essential role in this. Tragic heroes can be defined differently for whoever is trying to force a character into the tragic hero mold. However Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, established an outline of the requirements a tragic hero has to meet in order to be considered one. These requirements include a downfall, a hamartia, and recognition of said tragic hero’s condition. Oedipus, the prot agonist of Sophocles’ play Oedipus The King fits the mold.

The Women Behind The Veil - 2301 Words

Damion Broomfield Professor Joseph Walker English 306 May 2, 2016 The Women behind the Veil In a patriarchal society were the father or the man of the household decides for the family, women are quite often forced into prescribed gender roles. This is true for the women in Iran’s contemporary culture. For this purpose, the veil, which is worn by Iran women, is often identified as a symbol of obedience, respect or modesty which is otherwise an example of an oppressed patriarchal society. Author Marjane Satrapi’s novel Persepolis, exposes the regime behind this oppression of the Iran woman and compares western cultural expectations to that of Iranian culture. Yet, even behind the confinements of the veil many women are finding ways to rebel against the Iranian society oppression and find their own individual identities under strict conformities. By design the veil is meant to dictate to women their limited freedoms and rights in a culture that is historically male dominated. However, because the contributions of a strict regime has forced the woman of Iran to s ubscribe to these strict cultural gender expectations, many Iranian women are finding small ways to emerge from under their veils and find a voice against gender segregations and shape a new revolutionary way of thinking. The regulations of the Islamic republic has said that women should cover themselves completely to void the unwanted attention of men. This policing of women is to enforce historical traditions andShow MoreRelatedThe Women Behind The Veil2291 Words   |  10 PagesThe Women behind the Veil In a patriarchal society were the father or the man of the household decides for the family, women are quite often forced into prescribed gender roles. This is true for the women in Iran’s contemporary culture. For this purpose, the veil, which is worn by Iran women, is often identified as a symbol of obedience, respect or modesty which is otherwise an example of an oppressed patriarchal society. Author Marjane Satrapi’s novel Persepolis, exposes the regime behind thisRead MoreThe Veil Is A Piece Of Sheer Material Worn By Women1342 Words   |  6 PagesA veil is a piece of sheer material worn by women to conceal their faces, that very piece of material symbolizes sacredness. In traditional Christian religion the veil is worn by the bride in white on her wedding day as she approaches her groom at the alter. He uncovers her face at the end of the ceremony and they kiss. Once that tradition is done the bride and the groom live their lives together without her ever having to wear the veil again. However, In the Muslim religion predominantly in SaudiRead MoreThe Muslim Veil1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe Muslim Veil The veil worn by many Muslim women tends to be a stereotyped piece of clothing. Many of us in the United States see it and automatically assume that the person is a terrorist, but what do we really know about the Muslim veil? Caryle Murphy, a writer for The Christian Science Monitor, thinks that we do not fully understand the complexity of the Muslim veil. In â€Å"Behind the Veil: Why Islam’s Most Visible Symbol Is Spreading,† Murphy writes that â€Å"Rarely in human history has a pieceRead MoreAnalysis A Look behind the Veil1476 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis Project of â€Å"A Look Behind the Veil† Thesis statement: Middle-Eastern and North African clothing culture is distinguished from other cultures by the veil, a clothing that provokes many reactions from authors and debates between the Western and Eastern people. Subject: The main topic of this text is the veil in North African and Middle-Eastern regions. Western people and Middle-Eastern people do not share the same opinion about its use, while the occidental region considers it as a simpleRead MoreCultural Relativism And Moral Relativism1620 Words   |  7 Pagesoutsider’s perspective, then review an aspect of some other culture from the emic (insider’s) perspective so as to get relatively familiar with the various motivation behind a certain practice. Particularly, I am going to review the non-veiling of American Muslim women and discuss the culture of veiling of the Iranian Muslim women in order to illustrate that what us considered as â€Å"normal† within America, turns out to be unusual within a wider context, and examine the manner in which cultural narrativesRead MoreOur Choice of Clothes Reflect Our Personality662 Words   |  3 Pagesidentities?† (Davis,1992: back cover blurb). What is identity and what role do c lothes play in creating it? Use two relevant examples from fashion to support your answer. ‘O Daughter of mine, beware of the revealing hijab that is spreading amongst the women these days and that characterized by †¦ wearing a niqab that covers what is ugly and shows what is beautiful (Al- ‘Umran 2001: 10-111). ‘In the case of sociological interest in clothing and fashion, we know that through clothing people communicateRead MoreDo Muslim Women Need Saving?863 Words   |  4 PagesDo Muslim Women need saving? Individual women have the right to either be liberals or conservatives therefore the western ideas cannot be imposed on the Muslim countries. The westerners can avoid imposing their ideas on Muslims by cultural relativism. Everyone’s ideas and cultures are not the same this is why we are all unique in our own ways. The Muslim women have the right to either wear the veil or not. One should be able to respect all the cultures equally. If one doesn’t belong to a certainRead MoreThe Qur An Source Of God925 Words   |  4 Pagesexample to all Muslim women. Now, in the Qur’an there are a few different terms used when discussing the veil. All of these terms are ambiguous, meaning they have more than one meaning. In addition, the Hadith doesn’t have a definitive answer as to whether a woman should wear the veil and how. However, from the Hadith we do know that prophet’s wives and daughters wore the veil, they’ve covered their hair and dressed modes tly. This leads to questions such as, what role does the veil have in religiousRead MoreThe Books Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1583 Words   |  7 Pagesthe hijab Islamic veil which all women are forced to wear after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. In Loung’s, it’s the black pajamas that she and her family are forced to wear while they are prisoners in Ro Leap, Cambodia. Marji is first introduced to the veil in a way that would be confusing to many children her age. From a child’s perspective, the requirement for all women to suddenly have to wear this additional piece of black clothing came very suddenly and unexpectedly. The veil is used throughoutRead MoreAnalysis on Behind the Veil by Dhu’l Nun Ayyoub Essay948 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"From Behind the Veil,† written by Dhu’l Nun Ayyoub, the author changes how we feel about the main character throughout the sequencing of the plot. We as the readers learn more about how the protagonist really thinks coupled with what her motives are. The author also presents language that clearly expresses how the protagonist feels and uses examples to show an overall theme in the story. In the exposition we meet our protagonist who is a young women of Islam who wears the traditional veil that

Competitive Strategy Business Trend and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Business Trend and Innovation. Answer: What is Strategy? Normally, we often confuse strategies with tactics, goals or objectives. These are not strategies in true sense, but small components of strategies. The video explains about the meaning of strategy and associated factors to it. For instance, a company intends to be the best in the market. This is not the strategy of the company; it is the goal of the company. The strategy of the company needs to lay down several ways to be on the top by beating the competitors in the industry. The companies prior to launch their products and services in the market would require justifying some important questions for attaining the positive results. These include: 1) where do we compete - choosing the right market, 2) what is the unique we bring- coming out with an unique point to enable the customers to choose your products, 3) what resources/capabilities are basically utilized: This covers how to effectively utilize the resources. This can be use of superior technology or human capital depending on the business. 4) How do we sustain the ability to provide unique value: If the strategy works, there are chances that the competitors may apply your strategy to attract the customers. It also explains the requirement that the identification of the appropriate market for launch of the product is the crucial step and should be done properly in the phased manner. By identifying the environment and industrys market, the sustainability aspects should be demonstrated on the broad level (DSouza, 2014). Therefore, it is very important to sustain the ability of uniqueness to continue to win over time. Clear answers to these questions provides for good strategy. It is often believed that strategy is something we intend to do, but as per Henry Mintzberg, a well-known business strategist strategy is something you actually do instead of intend to. According to him, sometimes a real strategy doesnt place as per our plans. Lastly, for the strategies to work, it is important to implement it at a pr oper timing, otherwise it may not bring desired results. This is the best time for Yahoo to design and implement a strategy for sustaining the ability to provide unique value and get the desired results (Spangler, 2016). The organization requires a rational strategy. There is an increase in demand from the investors to sell its core business. It has to build a strategy like Apple did; Apple had think different slogan when it turned out to be a world leader. Yahoo requires a similar strategy that will give a grip to control its varied and unconnected activities. The coming years are important for the company; therefore as per the learning from the article, it is important that Yahoo adopts a clear cut strategy that is unique rather than throwing 10 rocks against the wall and assuming that one would hit the target. Business Model Innovation By this video, Dr. Oliver Gasman has described the role of the business model in fetching the rebellion in the market. There are situations when top-most or highly successful companies also falls. The examples of these companies are Nokia, Kodak and blackberry. The main reason behind their shocking downfall was due to lack of innovation. When a company is busy entertaining the existing customers without thinking of the future, in such cases of downfall tends to start or continue. In a highly competitive market, innovation is very important. Innovation has the potential of either increasing the customer value of a product or service or it may lower their cost thereby bringing the competitive advantage. For instance, Apples innovative products have helped in creating the customer value while Dell has reduced their product cost by build to order processes. It clearly implies that Innovation is not necessarily about having new ideas, but the ability to learn and combine. It is not only a bout bringing in new technology, but having a business model which can successfully contributing to the success (Kordamentha, 2014). The innovative model via video clearly categorically answers to four questions, who are the target customers, what is offered to them and how to create value proposition and generate value for them. It is very essential to consider the change of at least two out of these four dimensions while innovating. For explaining the business model innovation, the three essential aspects are 1. Innovation which starts from ideas cannot be generated on the technical level, 2. Innovation also needs the assistance of the resources and 3. Innovation can be supported by the appropriate technology for the development and growth (Stahler, 2016). Here, the organization which is willing to create innovation in their business model is Pizza hut. There was a time when the Pizza hut was strongly dedicated to control what their franchisee is providing (Santiago, 2015). They didnt believe in providing home delivery services. It was successful and had created a niche market, but business models needs to keep innovating or else todays success becomes tomorrows failure. Therefore, the competitors such as Dominos came up and bought different variations in their product and services according to the requirement and changing needs of the customers. Pizza hut was ardent of not letting go of its then success formula therefore the margins started to toughen up and sales has dropped down, therefore as per the learning provided it is very important to change at least two dimensions out of the four dimensions listed above. People have lesser time and therefore, are more comfortable with the quick deliveries. Hence, it was important for Pizza hut to increase the customer value of its product and service. Bibliography DSouza, S., 2014. Australian Business Trend: Deloitte, Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/strategy/deloitte-au-strategy-business-trends-2014.pdf Kordamentha, 2014. Business model innovation, Available at: https://kordamentha.com/docs/default-source/publications/issue-14-05-innovation_part-4.pdf Santiago, J., 2015. Which country spends the most online?. Which country spends the most online?, 18 September. Spangler, T., 2016. Yahoos False Prophet: How Marissa Mayer Failed to Turn the Company Around. Yahoos False Prophet: How Marissa Mayer Failed to Turn the Company Around, 24 May. Stahler, P., 2016. Steve Jobs on values in your business model. Steve Jobs on values in your business model, 20 June.

Personal Development free essay sample

Skinny models are not role models for teenagers. However, it is hard to distinguish the perception between fashion models on catwalk and realistic people, for vulnerable teenagers. According to the government last year, ultra skinny models will be phased out of the fashion industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The government believes that skinny models are affecting fragile teenagers, including those who have eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia. It is becoming a serious issue in society. Some people assume that ultra-skinny models promote delicate people to imitate their small body size and this could cause serious social problems for teenagers. This essay will look at what are indeed core problems: body size and social issue. Firstly, skinny models can encourage unrealistic body size for your people. Young people can be exposed to skinny models effortlessly through TV fashion show and fashion magazines. Teenagers have vulnerable characteristics and a much higher feasibility to imitate the unrealistic ideal beauty, which is glorified through the fashion industry. For example, when a teenage girl watches a fashion show on TV, she will be attracted to a specific gorgeous dress. Then she would use the internet, magazines, and chatting with friends to get information about a particular clothing. On the other hand, she would recognize that a specific dress is too small and tight, in order to suit that dress, she will start excessive diet and exercise to lose her weight which is an unhealthy method. As it turns out, skinny models can lead to Juveniles suffering eating disorders. Secondly, we should consider that eating disorders are related to social lives. Teenagers may have a misconception about skinny models. As professional models, they would deliberately display features to look more glamorous and to sell a particular product to potential customers. This is exactly their Job.

Helmuth von Moltke - Franco-Prussian War Field Marshal

Helmuth von Moltke - Franco-Prussian War Field Marshal Born October 26, 1800, in Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Helmuth von Moltke was the son of an aristocratic German family. Moving to Holstein at age five, Moltkes family became impoverished during the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) when their properties were burned and plundered by French troops. Sent away to Hohenfelde as a boarder at age nine, Moltke entered the cadet school at Copenhagen two years later with the goal of entering the Danish army. Over the next seven years he received his military education and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1818. An Officer in Ascent After service with a Danish infantry regiment, Moltke returned to Germany and entered Prussian service. Posted to command a cadet school in Frankfurt an der Oder, he did so for a year before spending three conducting a military survey of Silesia and Posen. Recognized as a brilliant young officer, Moltke was assigned to the Prussian General Staff in 1832. Arriving in Berlin, he stood out from his Prussian contemporaries in that he possessed a love of the arts and music. A prolific writer and student of history, Moltke authored several works of fiction and in 1832, embarked on a German translation of Gibbons The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Promoted to captain in 1835, he took six months leave to travel through southeastern Europe. While in Constantinople, he was asked by Sultan Mahmud II to aid in modernizing the Ottoman army. Receiving permission from Berlin, he spent two years in this role before accompanying the army on campaign against Muhammad Ali of Egypt. Taking part in the 1839 Battle of Nizib, Moltke was forced to escape after Alis victory. Returning to Berlin, he published an account of his travels and in 1840, married his sisters English stepdaughter, Mary Burt. Assigned to the staff of the 4th Army Corps in Berlin, Moltke became fascinated with railroads and began an extensive study of their use. Continuing to write on historical and military topics, he returned to the General Staff before being named Chief of Staff for the 4th Army Corps in 1848. Remaining in this role for seven years, he advanced to the rank of colonel. Transferred in 1855, Moltke became the personal aide to Prince Frederick (later Emperor Frederick III). Leader of the General Staff In recognition of his military skills, Moltke was promoted to Chief of the General Staff in 1857. A disciple of Clausewitz, Moltke believed that strategy was essentially the quest of seeking the military means to a desired end. Though a detailed planner, he understood and frequently stated that no battle plan survives contact with the enemy. As a result, he sought to maximize his chances of success by remaining flexible and ensuring that the transportation and logistical networks were in place to allow him to bring decisive force to the key points on the battlefield. Taking office, Moltke immediately began making sweeping changes in the armys approach to tactics, strategy, and mobilization. In addition, work began to improve communications, training, and armaments. As a historian, he also implemented a study of European politics to identify Prussias future enemies and to begin developing war plans for campaigns against them. In 1859, he mobilized the army for the Austro-Sardinian War. Though Prussia did not enter the conflict, the mobilization was used by Prince Wilhelm as a learning exercise and the army was expanded and reorganized around the lessons obtained. In 1862, with Prussia and Denmark arguing over the ownership of Schleswig-Holstein, Moltke was asked for a plan in case of war. Concerned that the Danes would be difficult to defeat if allowed to retreat to their island strongholds, he devised a plan which called for Prussian troops to flank them in order to prevent a withdrawal. When hostilities commenced in February 1864, his plan was bungled and the Danes escaped. Dispatched to the front on April 30, Moltke succeeded in bringing the war to a successful conclusion. The victory solidified his influence with King Wilhelm. As the king and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, began attempts to unite Germany, it was Moltke who conceived the plans and directed the army to victory. Having gained considerable clout for his success against Denmark, Moltkes plans were followed precisely when war with Austria began in 1866. Though outnumbered by Austria and its allies, the Prussian Army was able to make near-perfect use of railroads to ensure that maximum force was delivered at the key moment. In a lightning seven-week war, Moltkes troops were able conduct a brilliant campaign which culminated with a stunning victory at KÃ ¶niggrtz. His reputation further enhanced, Moltke oversaw the writing of a history of the conflict which was published in 1867. In 1870, tensions with France dictated the mobilization of the army on July 5. As the preeminent Prussian general, Moltke was named Chief of Staff of the Army for the duration of the conflict. This position essentially allowed him to issue orders in the name of the king. Having spent years planning for war with France, Moltke assembled his forces south of Mainz. Dividing his men into three armies, he sought to drive into France with the goal defeating the French army and marching on Paris. For the advance, several plans were developed for use depending upon where the main French army was found. In all circumstances, the ultimate goal was for his troops to wheel right to drive the French north and cut them off from Paris. Attacking, the Prussian and German troops met with great success and followed the basic outline of his plans. The campaign came to stunning climax with the victory at Sedan on September 1, which saw Emperor Napoleon III and most of his army captured. Pressing on, Moltkes forces invested Paris which surrendered after a five-month siege. The fall of the capital effectively ended the war and led to the unification of Germany. Later Career Having been made a Graf (count) in October 1870, Moltke was permanently promoted to field marshal in June 1871, in reward for his services. Entering the Reichstag (German Parliament) in 1871, he remained Chief of Staff until 1888. Stepping down, he was replaced by Graf Alfred von Waldersee. Remaining in the Reichstag, he died at Berlin on April 24, 1891. As his nephew, Helmuth J. von Moltke led German forces during the opening months of World War I, he is often referred to as Helmuth von Moltke the Elder. Selected Sources Helmuth von Moltke: On the Nature of WarMakers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, edited by Peter Paret with the collaboration of Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1986.Franco-Prussian War

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations Free Online Research Papers Variation in abundance and distribution of intertidal rocky shore populations in relation to the extremities of the environment Characterized by patchiness in the distributions of abundance of species in space and time, intertidal zones have been studied for decades in order to isolate the several important ecological interactions that cause these diverse assemblages of plants and animals (Underwood Chapman,2000; Underwood Chapman, 1998; Underwood, 2000). In order to recognize these environmental factors, two sampling techniques were implemented to obtain the vertical abundance and distribution of selected biota. By applying basic principles of methodology in both of the two ecological sampling practices, a comparison of patterns of biota was formed, thus the ability to quantify distribution and abundance of species on a rocky shore. This resulted in patterns depicting strong evidence for environmental pressures as a defining element of distribution and abundance. Marked by the upper and lower limits of the tide, the shores intertidal zone is exposed at low tide and immersed at high tide. Sampling took place on a rocky platform of Flinders beach, Victoria, and had a vertical range of between 0 – 95 meters, with 0m being the point furthest from the shore, known as the high intertidal zone, and 110m being the point closest to the ocean, otherwise known as the low intertidal zone. Two sampling methods were employed, each covering at least 95 meters. In the type I technique the area of 0-95 was divided vertically in 5m points, each of which sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were placed unsystematically on a horizontal axis 3 times over. For each quadrat both selected flora and fauna were identified and tallied either individually or for area cover. In the type II, the area of 0-110m was divided at 10m intervals, where at each sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were again placed arbitrarily on a horizontal axis, ho wever, this was repeated 6 times as opposed to 3. As in the type I, both selected flora and fauna were accounted for; either as individuals or in area coverage. As a general pattern, organisms appeared to be larger and more complex in the lower parts of the shore. In particular, this pattern was seen true for most mollusc species. As seen in Figure 1, Austrocochlea constricta population density was highest between 20-90m, and seemed to not appear before the 10m transect. The distribution of the species seemed to be fairly constant throughout these 70m. In addition to Austrocochlea constricta, the Siphonaria sp was also not accounted for before 15m transect however did show varying results between the sampling methods in where the abundance was at its peak (Figure 2). Straying from this general pattern, the Notilittorina sp was accounted for only between the 2-40m area, with the abundance most dense at the higher parts of the shore. Most flora seen were accumulated in the latter parts of the shore, with Coralline Red occurring between 20-90m. Coralline Red abundance percentage steadily increased as we moved to the lower parts of the shore. Intertidal habitats are of extensive interest due to the varying microhabitats formed across a shore. The environment of each microhabitat differs, however harsh extremes are experienced at both low-shore and high-shore, and all in between. For an average rocky shore, there are usually two high tides and two low tides per day, and depending on the time of day, some areas of the intertidal zone may be wet or dry (Underwood Chapman, 2000). This can potentially be problematic for the inhabitants of such an extreme environment. Water supply is essential for semi-marine and marine organisms. However, water supply is intermittent. Water is also delivered in the form of waves, which, if applied with enough force, is capable of washing away or dislodge poorly adapted organisms. Due to the formation of these zones, the salt water trapped in the rock pools within does evaporate, elevating salt concentration. However this concentration can alter with rainfall. In addition, the intertidal zone is highly exposed to the sun, hence the temperature can range from very hot to near freezing in frigid climates (Underwood Chapman 2000). The interaction of these four factors presents the intertidal zone as an extreme environment in which to live. In order to survive an intertidal zone, inhabitants must be able to withstand harsh abiotic and biotic stress. As height above sea level increases, the conditions of the intertidal zone strengthens in harshness; there is less moisture, daily changes in pH and salinity and temperature, and isolation is increased. (Womersley King, 1990). As expected, as harshness increased, species diversity generally declined, with fewer species able to withstand such intense stresses (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). Abiding by this general rule, Austrocochlea constricta provided the perfect example with majority of the sample abundance in both type I and II occurring after 30m. Part of this may be attributed to the feeding patterns of Austrocochlea constricta, which tend to scrape the algal film coating off rocks (Parsons Ward, 1994). However, in the type I sampling, more Austrocochlea constricta were found before 30m than those observed in the type II sampling (Figure 1 5). This could be attributed to many environmental factors, but ultimately the elevation of the rocks and the impact at which waves from the last tide hit those rocks would be a very significant factor. If the area surveyed in the type I had rocks in a closer vicinity to each other, there would be less chance of a high impact wave. Desiccation was also of particular concern on the day of sampling due to the very high temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. With this environmental pressure, Austrocochlea constricta have been known to cluster to conserve moisture (Underwood. . Chapman 2007), therefore we can assume for the higher abundance transects, the molluscs would have been clustered highly rocky creviced area. Going against the norm, there are those species that adapt to the harsh extreme of the high-shore, obtaining the least moisture and risking desiccation. The organisms that locate themselves in the high- mid intertidal zone, such as the Nodilittorina species, common name periwinkles, use their operculum as a ‘trap-door’ like structure to prevent desiccation in the low tide (Reid, 1989). As seen in both the type I and type II sampling in figure 2 6, the majority of the Nodilittorina species was found before 40m, however the peak abundance was seen to differ between type I and type II techniques by 30m. Due to the diverse range of altitudes of rocks found along the rocky shore of Flinders, this discrepancy could easily be accounted as a result of a high elevation of rock within a semi-moist area in the type I sampling, which portrayed the highest abundance of periwinkles at 0m. However, in light of this, this variation could also be a result of a type 1 error, in which the sample gathered was misconstrued or reported incorrectly. Although most species followed a pattern of some kind, samples from Siphonaria species were mirror opposites in the different sample techniques. In type I, as seen in figure 3, peak abundance occurred at the 20m transect and populations were rare after 45m. Opposing this pattern, type II samples indicated that populations were sparse before 60m with a peak abundance t 80m (figure 7). As with the Notilittorina species, this again can be attributed to the extremes of the environment taking place at varying zones in the intertidal region. The rocky shore can ensure that some discrepancy will occur due to elevated rocks, resident rock pools and therefore increased salinity in nearby areas, and the exposure to the sun. In most environments, random sampling is considered to be a true representation of a selected population. However, due to the combination of haphazard sampling and the varying microhabitats within an intertidal shore, it cannot be confirmed that the same conditions of each quadrat were used in both type I and type II techniques, hence a true representation of Siphonaria may not be possible. When focusing on the flora of rocky shores, it is important to note that while the same environmental stresses act upon plants, the respect in which they affect the plants differs from fauna. For ideal growing conditions, algal organisms require decreased emersion, increased moisture, and decreased temperature on a low tide (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). However while the low tide only occurs twice daily, wave action associated with tide is essential for the existence of the algal. Wave action, while can result in the uprooting of the plant from the substrata, is also important in driving distribution, as it can alleviate desiccation (Lubchenco Menge,1978). Biotic factors also are imperative and influence species abundance significantly. As shown in previous studies of the east Australian coast, particular zones of the intertidal shore are occupied by distinct groups of organisms. In the lowest areas, foliose algae are seen to be copious. (Underwood Kennelly, 1990) However, in the mid-shore zone, encrusting algae, and the presence of gastropod grazers frequent the region (Underwood, 1981). This is reflected the results from Corraline Red in both the type I and type II sampling techniques (figure 4 8). Steadily increasing form 25m, the abundance percentage of coralline red was at its peak when the abundance of the mollusc grazers, Austrocochlea constricta, Notilittorina sp, Siphonaria sp, were at their lowest. Patterns of intertidal species are complex on both minute and larger scales. The patterns, caused from a range of environmental pressures, can change unpredictably and predictability over various time scales. The study at Flinders rocky shore indicated that generally, with decreasing height above sea level, there is increasing species diversity. The presence of algal grazers and physical stresses of living at intertidal regions are dominant causes of variation in the vertical distribution of floral and faunal species. Some environmental pressures particular for that day, such at temperature, may have skewed our results, as it accounts for a strong selective pressure as to which zones species reside. Although the sampling techniques covered a generous area and gave a somewhat true interpretation, the nature and physics of intertidal zones requires repeated surveying to ensure each quadrat for each equal metered transect has similar conditions Research Papers on Variation in Rocky Shore PopulationsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicWhere Wild and West Meet

Every Child Matters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Every Child Matters - Essay Example This funding is also critical to deliver extra training for existing teachers and new comers. ECM has helped to transform opportunities for younger children through better access to childcare, health, early year education and support for families including parenting support. (Handle, 2008, 135)Proposals for the programme are developed and the Secretary of state David Blunkett announced that the first 60 areas of disadvantage had been identified to lead the projects. identify at least one significant initiative related to ECM and consider how the ECM programme would fit and contribute to the locally agreed strategies for social services, health and education, as set out in early years development plan and others. As a condition of funding existing core services have to participate in the ECM programme. (Kleinfeld, 2005, 70) ECM is used as a new way for setting inter agency and inter departmental working , aiming to breakdown barriers that prevent families receiving the co-ordinated services they needed. With focus on outreach and building trust with parents who were not in receipt of services and may have not come forward for help and advice. Every Child Matters presents an opportunity to consider the health and social care needs of those communities and aided in the development for appropriate delivery mechanisms that were in particular culturally sensitive. ECM aimed to bridge the gap between specialised and more general services for eg; Child mental health professionals trained staff so they could work with families where a child had early signs of emotional and behavioural problems thus preventing more serious problems at a later stage. This kind of service is complementary to work to So cial Services not a replacement. In the first three years the programme will support the development of 250 projects, with an aim to develop effective and co-ordinated